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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426262PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1903253DOI Listing

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The variability in translational models profoundly impacts the outcomes and predictive value of preclinical studies for gastrointestinal (GI) cancer treatments. Preclinical models, including 2D cell cultures, 3D organoids, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and animal models, provide distinct advantages and limitations in replicating the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) of human cancers. Each model's unique biological and structural differences contribute to discrepancies in treatment responses, challenging the direct translation of experimental results to clinical settings.

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