Impaired attention toward the eyes in psychopathic offenders: Evidence from an eye tracking study.

Attention orienting to socially salient cues, such as the eyes of interaction partners, is assumed to be crucial for the development of intact social cognition. Dysfunctions in such basic processes that guide the perception of social cues have been suggested to play a role in the development of psychopathy. The present study investigated gaze patterns in two groups of incarcerated psychopathic and non-psychopathic offenders. While recording their eye movements, participants were asked to categorize either gender (task 1) or emotional expression (task 2) of facial images. Psychopaths exhibited significantly reduced attention orienting toward the eyes, as indicated by absolute dwell time as well as frequency of the initial fixation on the eye region. This pattern was evident across all emotional expressions and independent of the task. The present results suggest a pervasive impairment to attention orienting toward the eyes in psychopaths compared to non-psychopathic offenders. This impairment appears to affect not only general attention but also early attention shifts. Thus, our findings provide evidence that these dysfunctions might particularly contribute to the development of psychopathy instead of antisocial behavior per se. Future studies should further examine the origin, emergence, and consequences of these impairments in order to develop targeted interventions.