Building an International Partnership to Develop Advanced Practice Nurses in Anesthesia Settings: Using a Theory-Driven Approach.

The International Federation of Nurse Anesthetists is calling for international collaboration to develop advanced nursing practice in anesthesia settings globally. However, international collaboration is challenging. Limited information is available about what process and factors specifically lead to a successful international collaboration partnership. This article aimed to describe a theoretical and empirical base that can be used to build and maintain long-term international partnerships. The Theoretical Framework of Developing International Partnerships was developed, which comprises seven interrelated concepts including partnerships, collaborations, environment, structure, process for collaborating, outcomes, and sustainability. It was used to guide an equitable horizontal collaboration partnership to develop anesthesia nursing care in local culture and context. Five major challenges were identified during the collaboration process. Sixty-six strategies were developed to facilitate collaboration using the theoretical framework. This work can inform others in establishing an international collaboration and partnership in advancing nursing knowledge and culturally congruent health care delivery.