As a result of the constantly increasing number of innovative but exceedingly high priced medicines, many Member States have implemented price-regulating mechanisms to ensure the financial viability of their healthcare systems. However, the European Court of Justice applies strict criteria to these measures - some of them have already been suspended for the purposes of the free movement of goods. The European Union (EU) allowed the development of an ever-stricter case law on one hand, without changing the legal frame on the other hand. Considering the importance and the binding nature of the Court's judgements, this leaves great uncertainty for national legislators about which measures to remedy the pricing problem are legally possible and which are not. In order to provide clarity, this article seeks to analyse the development of the case law and to define the legal scope for pharmaceutical pricing mechanisms in the EU.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12262423 | DOI Listing |
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol
January 2025
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Accounting and Financial Management, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
Purpose: Vestibular neuritis (VN) is a common cause of vertigo with significant impact on patients' quality of life. This study aimed to analyze global research trends in VN using bibliometric methods to identify key themes, influential authors, institutions, and countries contributing to the field.
Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of the Web of Science Core Collection database for publications related to VN from 1980 to 2024.
Transl Psychiatry
January 2025
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Peripheral inflammatory markers (PIMs), such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or white blood cell count (WBC), have been associated with depression severity in meta-analyses and large cohort studies. However, in typically-sized psychoimmunology studies (N < 200) that explore associations between PIMs and neurobiological/psychosocial constructs related to depression and studies that examine less-studied PIMs (e.g.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Environ Manage
January 2025
Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China; Faculty of Finance, City University of Macau, Macao, China. Electronic address:
Owing to critical policy significance, a growing body of literature has been predominantly concentrating on the social welfare benefits brought by green finance (GF) initiatives. However, there is a paucity of research that quantifies the economic costs of GF initiatives on carbon reduction, raising the increasing concerns about the irreconcilable climate-economy trade-offs. To end this, the present study systematically investigates the influence of GF initiatives on the carbon-related marginal abatement cost (MAC) using two competing hypotheses: regulatory versus technical effects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaterials (Basel)
January 2025
School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
Research on micro-alloyed steel is a strategic measure to meet the needs of various industries and promote green development, and it is essential for many major steel-producing countries. Currently, the mainstream micro-alloying elements in the research and application of micro-alloyed steel are V, Ti, and Nb. Due to the high price of V, the actual production is mostly achieved by adding titanium-niobium composite to change the properties of high-strength steel.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiomolecules
January 2025
Solid Tumour Group, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville South, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia.
Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with limited treatment options and high resistance to chemotherapy. Doxorubicin is commonly used, but its efficacy is limited by variable sensitivity and resistance. Bacopaside II, a saponin compound, has shown anti-cancer potential.
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