In this review, three main classes of chiral monolithic stationary phases, namely silica-, organic polymer-, and hybrid-based monolithic stationary phases, are covered. Their preparations, applications, and advantages compared with the conventional-packed and open-tubular capillary columns are discussed. A detailed description of the different types and techniques used for the introduction of chiral selectors into the monolithic matrices such as immobilization, functionalization, coating, encapsulation, and bonding. Special emphasis is given to the recent developments of chiral selectors in HPLC monolithic stationary phases during the past 18 years.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201900159 | DOI Listing |
Anal Chem
December 2024
Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China.
Generally, the traditional stationary phase for liquid chromatography is the key part, but with an in situ immutable property, leading to many separation limitations. Based on the former exploration of photosensitive gas chromatography, we successfully prepared a photosensitive monolithic capillary silica column with high light transmission, taking advantage of the reversible cis-trans isomerism of azobenzene. And the cis-trans isomerism has launched an effective, reversible, and precise control on the liquid chromatographic retention behavior just by photoinduction according to the theoretical basis of a good correlation between photoinduction time, -azobenzene ratio, and chromatographic retention factor () ( > 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Sep Sci
December 2024
Department of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Horticulture, Dobele, Latvia.
Silica-based monoliths offer higher separation efficiency per unit pressure drop compared to particle-packed columns. Their application is limited by the commercial availability of different column chemistries. Pentafluorophenyl ligands enable hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, π-π, and hydrophobic interactions, facilitating the separation of various compounds.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnal Chem
December 2024
Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia.
The use of polymeric monoliths as stationary phases for liquid chromatography has been limited, despite their ability to enhance the convection flow of the mobile phase with respect to particulate-based columns. This is due to a poor balance between the volume of flow through pores and the number of active sites within polymeric monoliths. In this paper, we present the obtainment of poly(glycidyl methacrylate--ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (P(GMA--EDMA)) monoliths with dual pore size distributions (with pore sizes of 60 and 550 nm).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Sep Sci
November 2024
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
A chiral monolith stationary phase was fabricated by modifying the monolith surface using L-cysteine through a thiol-epoxy click reaction. L-cysteine-bonded polymer monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transformed infrared. The monomer content and modification temperature were carefully optimized to create a polymer monolith with excellent mechanical stability and permeability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Chromatogr A
December 2024
Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
We performed multiscale simulations of analyte sorption and diffusion in hierarchical porosity models of monolithic silica columns for reversed-phase liquid chromatography to investigate how the mean mesopore size of the chromatographic bed and the analyte-specific interaction with the chromatographic interface influence the analyte diffusivity at various length scales. The reproduced experimental conditions comprised the retention of six analyte compounds of low to moderate solute polarity on a silica-based, endcapped, C stationary phase with water‒acetonitrile and water-methanol mobile phases whose elution strength was varied via the volumetric solvent ratio. Detailed information about the analyte-specific interfacial dynamics received from molecular dynamics simulations was incorporated through appropriate linker schemes into Brownian dynamics diffusion simulations in three hierarchical porosity models received from physical reconstructions of silica monoliths with a mean macropore size of 1.
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