Assessment of pressure pain thresholds in collisions with collaborative robots.

In recent years, safety issues surrounding robots have increased in importance, as more robots are in close contact with humans, both in industrial fields and elsewhere. Safety standards for industrial robots operating in specific spaces have been established, but no such standards have been specified for collaborative and service robots. To establish safety standards for such robots, we assessed pressure pain thresholds for collisions between humans and robots, under the assumption that the pain threshold is lower than the mild injury threshold. The pressure pain threshold for collision with a robot was measured in 90 male Korean adults using a homemade collision system. The pain thresholds were measured three times at 15 sites, including the forehead. The highest threshold was 196.1 ± 85.8 N/cm2 at the back of the hand, and the lowest was 65.1 ± 22.6 N/cm2 at an arm nerve. Moderate thresholds, i.e., 100-120 N/cm2, were noted on the forehead, neck muscle, ball of the thumb, and shin. The thresholds of participants < 30 years of age were lower, by 3-33%, than those of participants aged > 30 years. Thresholds differed by body mass index only at certain sites, including the shoulder joint, neck, and back of the hand. The pressure pain threshold depended on individual characteristics, body site, and age. The threshold relevant to potential human-robot collisions was determined to be between 65.1 ± 22.6 and 196.1 ± 85.8 N/cm2.