Background: The trauma patient on direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) therapy preinjury presents a challenge in trauma and acute care surgery. Our understanding of these patients is extrapolated from vitamin K antagonists. However, DOACs have different mechanisms of action, effects on laboratory coagulation assays, and reversal strategies. Rapid identification of DOACs in the blood will allow timely reversal of factor Xa inhibitors and direct thrombin inhibitors when necessary. The present study evaluated viscoelastic testing to detect and classify DOACs in patient blood samples.
Methods: This observational, prospective, open-label, multicenter study used point-of-care viscoelastic testing to analyze blood samples taken from patients with and without DOAC treatment, and healthy volunteers. Antifactor Xa and direct thrombin inhibition (DTI) assays were used to establish reference ranges for viscoelastic testing parameters on the TEG 6s system. These ranges were applied to produce a DOAC identification algorithm for patient blood samples. Internal consistency of the measurements, as well as algorithm sensitivity and specificity, was evaluated.
Results: Using the TEG 6s system, the R parameter reference range was 0.6 minutes to 1.5 minutes for the Antifactor Xa assay and 1.6 minutes to 2.5 minutes for the DTI assay. Our identification algorithm using these ranges for 2.5 minutes or less has sensitives of 98.3% and 100% for factor Xa inhibitor and direct thrombin inhibitor detection, respectively. Specificity was 100%. Both classes of DOAC were detectable, even when samples were collected during the "trough" between doses of medication.
Conclusion: Point-of-care viscoelastic testing with TEG 6s can detect and classify DOACs with high sensitivity and specificity. This tool can be used to better determine the need for reversal in trauma and acute care surgery patients and guide optimal surgical timing in the acute setting.
Level Of Evidence: Prognostic and epidemiological study, level II.
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