The aim of this work was to describe, interpret and highlight the impact of neuroanatomy in the region of the larynx on intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) during thyroidectomy. A rich network of anastomoses of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) may have impact on the results of thyroidectomy and partial laryngectomy. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is a useful tool in the armamentarium of a head and neck surgeon but it will never replace profound knowledge of surgical anatomy and good surgical technique.
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