Synthesis of modified amorphous manganese oxide using low-cost sugars and biochars: Material characterization and metal(loid) sorption properties.

In this study, amorphous Mn oxides (AMOs) and their composites with biochar (BC) were synthesized using different sugars (glucose, sucrose, and molasses), and their sorption efficiency toward Zn(II), Cd(II), and As(V) was tested. Additionally, detailed characterization of synthesized materials using various solid-state analysis methods (e.g. XRD, FTIR-ATR, and/or SEM-EDX) was also performed. Despite glucose-based AMOs presented higher sorption efficiency for As(V), i.e., 0.73 mmol g (glucose) > 0.27 mmol g (sucrose and molasses), similar sorption efficiency toward Zn(II), i.e., 0.80 mmol g (glucose and molasses) > 0.66 (sucrose) and Cd(II) (0.71-0.74 mmol g (sucrose and molasses) > 0.36 mmol g (glucose), was observed for sucrose- and molasses-based AMOs under the given conditions. Next, the sorption efficiency of all AMO/BC composites was proportional to their AMO content. Finally, Mn(II) leaching from the structure of the new AMOs was negligible compared to that observed for the glucose-based AMOs, in this study as well as in other similar studies. Moreover, using molasses as reducing agent during AMO synthesis dramatically decreased the total cost of the final materials, which suggested that these new AMOs could represent interesting alternatives for standard remediation technologies. The AMOs synthesized using low-cost sugars could, therefore, be promising materials for real field applications, since the main disadvantages of using standard AMOs are mitigated. Nevertheless, the efficiency and stability of these composites under real-life conditions must be tested prior to their direct application for remediation technologies.