The taxonomy of species of Dollfusentis is rather confused due to the overlap of morphological traits. The aim of this study was to follow an integrative taxonomy approach over the acanthocephalans collected from Orthopristis ruber in Brazil. Dollfusentis lenti n. sp. is described and is characterised by having an elongate trunk with spines sparsely distributed (largest 60-85 μm long) extending from the neck to almost reach the end of proboscis receptacle; additionally, the new species possesses a long proboscis with 12-14 longitudinal rows of 16-17 hooks each; 3-4 posterior hooks reduced in size, well-spaced from the eight ventrolateral crescent hooks, and lemnisci longer than proboscis receptacle. New sequences of 18S rDNA, ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2, 28S rDNA and COI mtDNA are provided. Dollfusentis bravoae is morphologically similar because it possesses the same number of proboscis hooks, although it differs by the size of testes and uterus and by having a higher number of trunk spines; additionally, new scanning electron micrographs and genetic data for both species support its distinction. Phylogenetic analysis obtained either with two nuclear genes or mitochondrial COI gene showed that Dollfusentis spp. belong to Illiosentidae, and the new species is yielded as the sister species of D. bravoae, with D. chandleri as the sister species of the latter two.
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