Poly(piperazine-amide)/PES Composite Multi-Channel Capillary Membranes for Low-Pressure Nanofiltration.

The mechanical stability of conventional single-channel capillary fibres can be improved in a multi-channel geometry, which has previously found application in ultrafiltration. In this work, multi-channel polyethersulfone (PES) capillary membranes comprising seven feed channels were successfully fabricated in an enhanced steam⁻dry⁻wet spinning process and coated on the inner surface with a thin polyamide (PA) layer via interfacial polymerization (IP). The coating procedure consisted of impregnating the support multi-channel capillary membranes (MCM) with an aqueous piperazine solution, flushing with nitrogen gas to remove excess droplets, and pumping an organic trimesoylchloride solution through the channels. Insights into the interfacial polymerization process were gained through the investigation of various parameters, including monomer ratio, contact time, and drying time. Membranes were characterised via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and filtration experiments. The optimisation of both the PES support membrane and IP process parameters allowed for the fabrication of composite MCM with an MgSO₄ rejection of 91.4% and a solute flux of 68.8 L m h at an applied pressure of 3 bar. The fabricated composite MCM demonstrates that a favourable multi-channel arrangement can be upgraded with a PA layer for application in low-pressure nanofiltration.