Macrophage migrating inhibitory factor expression is associated with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection and is controlled by trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci in the Guinean population.

Infection by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is characterized by a wide array of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic to acute disease and even spontaneous cure. In this study, we investigated the association between macrophage migrating inhibitory factor (MIF), an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in both innate and acquired immunity, and disease outcome during T. b. gambiense infection. A comparative expression analysis of patients, individuals with latent infection and controls found that MIF had significantly higher expression in patients (n = 141; 1.25 ± 0.07; p < .0001) and latent infections (n = 25; 1.23 ± 0.13; p = .0005) relative to controls (n = 46; 0.94 ± 0.11). Furthermore, expression decreased significantly after treatment (patients before treatment n = 33; 1.40 ± 0.18 versus patients after treatment n = 33; 0.99 ± 0.10, p = .0001). We conducted a genome wide eQTL analysis on 29 controls, 128 cases and 15 latently infected individuals for whom expression and genotype data were both available. Four loci, including one containing the chemokine CXCL13, were found to associate with MIF expression. Genes at these loci are candidate regulators of increased expression of MIF after infection. Our study is the first data demonstrating that MIF expression is elevated in T. b. gambiense-infected human hosts but does not appear to contribute to pathology.