Targeted delivery of hydrogen for the bioremediation of aquifers contaminated by dissolved chlorinated compounds.

Dihydrogen (H) gas injection is a promising option to enhance the reductive biodehalogenation of contaminants in groundwater. However, it is challenging to ensure its targeted delivery at the right places in plumes, and for the long times required for bioremediation. In this paper, the ability of surfactant foam to retain H in the saturated zone and to enhance its release in the dissolved form was compared to traditional biosparging. H gas was injected, either alone, or as foam, in a 2D saturated cell packed with glass beads. This cell was continuously flushed with deoxygenated water to mimic aquifer circulation, and H was studied both in terms of gas distribution in the cell and dissolved concentrations downstream the injection zone. Experimental results are discussed in conjunction with simulations obtained using modeling. Both show that the viscous behavior of foam allows to efficiently retain greater volumes of H gas, 3.5 times higher than biosparging. Moreover, it is retained in a dense manner around the injection point, making possible the targeted delivery of this reagent. Besides, the gas dissolution in groundwater showed to be steadier and more persistent when gas was injected as foam, with dissolution rate constants observed to be 1.12 à 1.58 times lower. Finally, the retained foamed-gas persistently reduced water's relative permeability 1.7 to 5 times, diverting the groundwater flow from the treated zone despite the fast elution of the surfactant. Hence, when H-foam injection is targeted to plume's contaminant concentration hotspots, on top of enhancing bioremediation, it can reduce contaminant diffusion to groundwater.