Currently, most of the x-ray spectral detectors can extract signals in a set number of energy bins, that inevitably reduces the dynamic range and energy resolution of the imaging system. Inspired by the idea of dynamic thresholding, we previously proposed a pixel architecture and an energy-resolving method for layered edge-on detector. However, the complicated energy exchange mechanism of x-rays in the detector that ultimately affects the practical applications of the layered detectors had not been previously considered. In this study, we modify the energy-depositing model of x-ray photons and propose a reconfigurable energy-resolving method to improve the spectral performance of a layered energy integrating detector. We analyze the errors associated with the energy-resolving process and present our numerical simulation results obtained with energy bins and dynamically changed detection layers to demonstrate the utility and reliability of the proposed method.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab1149 | DOI Listing |
Phys Med Biol
March 2024
JOB CORPORATION, Kanagawa, 222-0033, Japan.
Br J Radiol
December 2023
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.
Photon counting detector (PCD) CT represents the newest advance in CT technology, with improved radiation dose efficiency, increased spatial resolution, inherent spectral imaging capabilities, and the ability to eliminate electronic noise. Its design fundamentally differs from conventional energy integrating detector CT because photons are directly converted to electrical signal in a single step. Rather than converting X-rays to visible light and having an output signal that is a summation of energies, PCD directly counts each photon and records its individual energy information.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSensors (Basel)
May 2023
Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, UK.
X-ray photon counting spectral imaging (x-CSI) determines a detected photon's energy by comparing the charge it induces with several thresholds, counting how many times each is crossed (the standard method, STD). This paper is the first to demonstrate that this approach can unexpectedly delete counts from the recorded energy spectrum under some clinically relevant conditions: a process we call negative counting. Four alternative counting schemes are proposed and simulated for a wide range of sensor geometries (pixel pitch 100-600 µm, sensor thickness 1-3 mm), number of thresholds (3, 5, 8, 24 and 130) and medically relevant X-ray fluxes (10-10 photons mm s).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicrosyst Nanoeng
April 2023
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
We show three-dimensional reconstructions of a region of an integrated circuit from a 130 nm copper process. The reconstructions employ x-ray computed tomography, measured with a new and innovative high-magnification x-ray microscope. The instrument uses a focused electron beam to generate x-rays in a 100 nm spot and energy-resolving x-ray detectors that minimize backgrounds and hold promise for the identification of materials within the sample.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEur Radiol
August 2023
Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany.
Since 1971 and Hounsfield's first CT system, clinical CT systems have used scintillating energy-integrating detectors (EIDs) that use a two-step detection process. First, the X-ray energy is converted into visible light, and second, the visible light is converted to electronic signals. An alternative, one-step, direct X-ray conversion process using energy-resolving, photon-counting detectors (PCDs) has been studied in detail and early clinical benefits reported using investigational PCD-CT systems.
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