There is a general sentiment in the nonclinical safety assessment literature and the proponents of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), that the "Modified Irwin" and the Functional Observation Battery are distinct and unique assays for the nonclinical assessment of the central nervous system (CNS). We identify and defend the position that the Irwin screen was developed as an FOB and both terms refer to a single, unitary functional assay. In giving credit to one prominent contributor to any one significant discipline of science for a specific assay, orientation, or theory may have an exclusionary influence on the merits of other prominent contributors within the same research arena. Scientific organizations as well as journal and textbook editors have attempted to unify the nomenclature used within a scientific discipline to make the disciplines conform to non-attributional surname nomenclatures. For example, the Salk-Sabin immunization is simply referred to as the polio vaccine. The "Skinner box" is now the "operant chamber" and "Pavlovian conditioning" is now "respondent conditioning". In 1968, Samuel Irwin established an operational method of analysis used for measuring drug effects in purpose bred laboratory animals. We present and defend the view that the behavioral screening assay developed by Irwin is, for all intents and purposes, a functional observational battery (FOB). We take the position that in standardizing nomenclature without "surnames" the FOB is simply the contemporary name for the data collection system in use under the harmonized safety pharmacology guidelines.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2019.02.008 | DOI Listing |
Biomolecules
January 2025
Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
This study evaluated the osteogenic potential of the bioactive glasses SinGlass (45S5) and SinGlass High (F18) in regenerating critical bone defects in rat calvaria. Both biomaterials promoted new bone formation around the particles, with the SinGlass High (F18) group exhibiting a higher rate of bone maturation. Histomorphological and birefringence analyses revealed better organization of the newly formed bone in the biomaterial-treated groups, and immunohistochemistry indicated the expression of osteogenic markers such as osteocalcin, immunostaining for bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP 2), and immunostaining for bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP 4).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBioengineering (Basel)
January 2025
Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil.
J Funct Morphol Kinesiol
January 2025
Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP-USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, Brazil.
Chronic exposure to stress has been considered a risk factor for hypertension, which is also associated with increased bone resorption. This review aimed to investigate the effect of acute and chronic stress, associated with hypertension, on the skeletal system. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published in English.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPathophysiology
January 2025
Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí (FMJ), Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease characterized by a lack of dystrophin caused by mutations in the DMD gene, and some minor cases are due to decreased levels of dystrophin, leading to muscle weakness and motor impairment. Creatine supplementation has demonstrated several benefits for the muscle, such as increased strength, enhanced tissue repair, and improved ATP resynthesis. This preliminary study aimed to investigate the effects of creatine on the gastrocnemius muscle in dystrophy muscle (MDX) and healthy C57BL/10 mice.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Microbiol
January 2025
Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, People's Republic of China.
Background: Gut microbes have been used to predict CRC risk. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) has been recommended for population screening of CRC.
Objective: To analyze the effects of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) on gut microbes.
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