[New protagonists in asthma pathophysiology].

Asthma is often associated with a Th2-type immune response with well-known cellular and molecular actors such as eosinophils, Th2 lymphocytes and associated cytokines such as interleukin-5 or IL-4. Nevertheless, some of the asthmatic patients show clinical manifestations and characteristics that do not correspond to the current pattern of the pathophysiology of asthma. Thus, recently new cellular and molecular actors in the development of asthma have been demonstrated in animal models and in humans. Among these are components of the innate immune system such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells or adaptive immune system such as Th9 lymphocytes. At the cellular level, the role of small G proteins in asthma is also highlighted as well as the role of major cytokines like IL-17 or those derived from the epithelium. A better knowledge of the physiopathology of asthma and the taking into account of these new actors allows the identification of new therapeutic targets for different endotypes of patients.