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Alzheimers Dement
December 2024
Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
Background: Genetic studies indicate a causal role for microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the progress made in identifying genetic risk factors, such as CD33, and underlying molecular changes, there are currently limited treatment options for AD. Based on the immune-inhibitory function of CD33, we hypothesize that inhibition of CD33 activation may reverse microglial suppression and restore their ability to resolve inflammatory processes and mitigate pathogenic amyloid plaques, which may be neuroprotective.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLithium, Inflammation and Neuroinflammation with Emphasis on Bipolar Disorder-A Narrative Review.
Int J Mol Sci
December 2024
Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience and Zelman Center-The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
This narrative review examines lithium's effects on immune function, inflammation and cell survival, particularly in bipolar disorder (BD) in in vitro studies, animal models and clinical studies. In vitro studies show that high lithium concentrations (5 mM, beyond the therapeutic window) reduce interleukin (IL)-1β production in monocytes and enhance T-lymphocyte resistance, suggesting a protective role against cell death. Lithium modulates oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages by inhibiting nuclear factor (NF)-ƙB activity and reducing nitric oxide production.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIdentification of macrophage polarisation and mitochondria-related biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy.
J Transl Med
January 2025
Ophthalmic Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
Background: The activation of macrophages or microglia in patients' whole body or local eyes play significant roles in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Mitochondrial function regulates the inflammatory polarization of macrophages. Therefore, the common mechanism of mitochondrial related genes (MRGs) and macrophage polarisation related genes (MPRGs) in DR is explored in our study to illustrate the pathophysiology of DR.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMonocyte-derived macrophages act as reinforcements when microglia fall short in Alzheimer's disease.
Nat Neurosci
January 2025
Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
The central nervous system (CNS) is endowed with its own resident innate immune cells, the microglia. They constitute approximately 10% of the total cells within the CNS parenchyma and act as 'sentinels', sensing and mitigating any deviation from homeostasis. Nevertheless, under severe acute or chronic neurological injury or disease, microglia are unable to contain the damage, and the reparative activity of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) is required.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnsupervised clustering reveals noncanonical myeloid cell subsets in the brain tumor microenvironment.
Cancer Immunol Immunother
January 2025
Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
The tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) of human central nervous system (CNS) tumors remains to be comprehensively deciphered. Here, we employed flow cytometry and RNA sequencing analysis for a deep data-driven dissection of a diverse TiME and to uncover noncanonical immune cell types in human CNS tumors by using seven tumors from five patients. Myeloid subsets comprised classical microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils, and two noncanonical myeloid subsets: CD3 myeloids and CD19 myeloids.
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