Active surveillance in intermediate risk prostate cancer.

Objectives: Active Surveillance (AS) has become an established treatment option for men with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa), demonstrating superior functional outcomes and excellent oncologic outcomes.As such, it has been appealing to extend AS to patients with intermediate risk PCa. We provide a review of the current experience with AS in the intermediate-risk PCa population.

Methods: Risk stratification is the key to treatment success. Many clinical factors (age, percent Gleason 4, PSA density, race/ethnicity, and genetic predisposition) and genomic markers have proven prognostic value in the AS population. We performed a systematic review of the currently available data (randomized trials and prospective cohort studies) to establish the status of AS in the intermediate risk patient population.

Results: Our ability to predict the natural history of intermediate risk prostate cancer is imperfect. While the benefits of AS make it an appealing option for men with intermediate risk disease, the published experience todate demonstrates that AS for all men with intermediate risk disease leads to higher rates of metastatic disease and loss of the opportunity for cure. These same studiesalso demonstrate that a subset of patients with intermediate risk disease have indolent disease that may benefit from AS. This heterogeneity is not adequately captured with traditional histopathologic staging. Clinical, genomic, and radiologic biomarkers play a key role in appropriate risk stratification and patient selection. The optimal use of these biomarkers in the intermediate riskpatient is currently the subject of intense evaluation.

Conclusion: Active surveillance for men at the favorable end of intermediate risk prostate cancer is an appealing alternative to radical therapy, but carries a modest but increased risk of metastatic disease compared to low risk cancer. Many biomarkers are currently being evaluated to enhance precise risk stratification of this important subgroup of patients.