The shear rate is an important bioreactor parameter that needs to be evaluated due to its impact on microorganism morphology and viability, and consequently on bioproduct formation. Airlift bioreactors, classified as low-shear devices, are used as an alternative to conventional stirred-tank reactors. Considerable efforts have been made to characterize the shear environments in airlift bioreactors, using the average shear rate ([Formula: see text]) as a key parameter. However, there is no agreement among the values obtained in different studies, which can differ even in orders of magnitude. The methodologies used to obtain [Formula: see text] in the different studies could be the reason for the lack of agreement among them. In this work, [Formula: see text] in a concentric tube airlift bioreactor was evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), as well as based on universal velocity profiles for liquid flows in smooth pipes and annuli. Good agreement was obtained between the CFD-based average shear rates and the values obtained from universal velocity profiles, indicating that CFD simulation is a valuable tool for [Formula: see text] prediction.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-019-02100-1 | DOI Listing |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
January 2025
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.
Volcanic provinces are among the most active but least well understood landscapes on Earth. Here, we show that the central Cascade arc, USA, exhibits systematic spatial covariation of topography and hydrology that are linked to aging volcanic bedrock, suggesting systematic controls on landscape evolution. At the Cascade crest, a locus of Quaternary volcanism, water circulates deeply through the upper [Formula: see text]1 km of crust but transitions to shallow and dominantly horizontal flow as rocks age away from the arc front.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNatl Sci Rev
January 2025
Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
In closed systems, the celebrated Lieb-Schultz-Mattis (LSM) theorem states that a one-dimensional locally interacting half-integer spin chain with translation and spin rotation symmetries cannot have a non-degenerate gapped ground state. However, the applicability of this theorem is diminished when the system interacts with a bath and loses its energy conservation. In this letter, we propose that the LSM theorem can be revived in the entanglement Hamiltonian when the coupling to the bath renders the system short-range correlated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Bull (Beijing)
January 2025
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Centre for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China. Electronic address:
Temperature affects both the thermodynamics of intermediate adsorption and the kinetics of elementary reactions. Despite its extensive study in thermocatalysis, temperature effect is typically overlooked in electrocatalysis. This study investigates how electrolyte temperature influences CO electroreduction over Cu catalysts.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
January 2025
Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and density functional theory (DFT), an experimental and theoretical study of changes in the electronic structure (dispersion dependencies) and corresponding modification of the energy band gap at the Dirac point (DP) for topological insulator (TI) [Formula: see text] have been carried out with gradual replacement of magnetic Mn atoms by non-magnetic Ge atoms when concentration of the latter was varied from 10% to 75%. It was shown that when Ge concentration increases, the bulk band gap decreases and reaches zero plateau in the concentration range of 45-60% while trivial surface states (TrSS) are present and exhibit an energy splitting of 100 and 70 meV in different types of measurements. It was also shown that TSS disappear from the measured band dispersions at a Ge concentration of about 40%.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
January 2025
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Somali National University, Mogadishu Campus, Mogadishu, Somalia.
In recent years, machine learning has gained substantial attention for its ability to predict complex chemical and biological properties, including those of pharmaceutical compounds. This study proposes a machine learning-based quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model for predicting the physicochemical properties of anti-arrhythmia drugs using topological descriptors. Anti-arrhythmic drug development is challenging due to the complex relationship between chemical structure and drug efficacy.
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