Occupational exposure to urinary bladder carcinogens - risk factors, molecular mechanisms and biomarkers.

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most frequent forms of cancer, particularly in Caucasian population. Many environmental factors are recognized as carcinogenic in humans for this form of neoplasia and some of them are related to occupation. In order to illustrate these effects, we have selected several relevant cases with smoking and occupational exposure to carcinogens and their histopathological findings. We reviewed the most important research published in the field of environmental-genomic interaction in relation with the oncogenesis of BC. Three main directions have been identified and described in the article: the environmental factors involved in BC pathogenesis and evolution, the molecular mechanisms involved in cell mitosis control and xenobiotic metabolism related to the qualitative and quantitative exposure and, finally, the possible biomarkers of the tumor evolution. From the genomic and proteomic research, new biomarkers emerged that are in the validation process. Immunohistochemical methods open also new perspectives to the diagnostic algorithms and could serve as prognosis biomarkers.