Topology optimization for mechanism synthesis has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the number and dimension of mechanisms. However, these methods can be used to synthesize linkage mechanisms that consist only of links and joints because other types of mechanical elements such as gears cannot be simultaneously synthesized. In this study, we aim to develop a gradient-based topology optimization method which can be used to synthesize mechanisms consisting of both linkages and gears. For the synthesis, we propose a new ground model defined by two superposed design spaces: the linkage and gear design spaces. The gear design space is discretized by newly proposed gear blocks, each of which is assumed to rotate as an output gear, while the linkage design space is discretized by zero-length-spring-connected rigid blocks. Another set of zero-length springs is introduced to connect gear blocks to rigid blocks, and their stiffness values are varied to determine the existence of gears when they are necessary to produce the desired path. After the proposed topology-optimization-based synthesis formulation and its numerical implementation are presented, its effectiveness and validity are checked with various synthesis examples involving gear-linkage and linkage-only mechanisms.
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