Progesterone (P4) are aquatic contaminants that can impair fish reproduction even in low concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of P4 on the sex differentiation, by quantitative determination of transcriptional changes of a candidate target gene (, has a function in the sex determination and gonadal differentiation of several vertebrate species) in . We first cloned and characterized the full-length cDNAs for the in (designated as ). Sequence analysis reveals that Ma-dax1 shares high homology with in other species. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and hybridization showed that gene was highly conserved during vertebrate evolution and involved in a wide range of developmental processes including embryogenesis, central nervous system development and gonad development. For the P4 administration assay, groups of mature fish were exposed for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days to nominal concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 ng/L P4 in a flow-through system. Quantification of transcripts revealed the expression of mRNA is altered after P4 treatment in mature gonads. Those showed that P4 could influence the sexual development and sex differentiation in by disturbing sex differentiation-associated gene expression, and can be used as a sensitive molecular biomarker for early warning to monitor the environmental progestins chemicals in fresh water environment.
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