First Report of Puccinia xanthii on Xanthium italicum in Eastern Hungary.

In 2002, in Debrecen, eastern Hungary, Puccinia xanthii Schwein. was detected on hunter burr, a geographically spreading, noxious weed species in row crops. Symptoms were found on leaves, stems, and petioles of plants collected from a competition experiment between sugarbeet and hunter burr. Density of the hunter burr population (6 plants per m or 20 plants per m) influenced the rate of infection. In the low-density population, the number of rust pustules and infected leaves was lower than that in the high-density population, in which 70% infection was reached by September. First symptoms appeared at the end of July (high-density population) and in the beginning of August (low-density population) in the form of small, chlorotic raised spots on the underside of the leaves. Dark brown telia (3.8 mm in diameter or larger) developed on spots. Elliptical telia occurred at the rate of 0.02 to 2.37 pustules per cm. Elongated pustules caused swelling and epidermal splitting on stems and petioles. Teliospores were brown, two-celled, and 35 to 56 × 15 to 21 μm, the walls were 0.8 to 1.0 μm at the side and 5 to 8 μm at the apex, the septum was 1 to 1.5 μm, and a persistant pedicel was 15 to 50 μm. Size and morphology of teliospores fit the description of P. xanthii (2). A pathogenicity test was conducted in the greenhouse (24°C with high relative humidity) according to the "leaf disc method" of Morin et al. (1) using freshly collected hunter burr leaves. Teliospores germinated immediately, producing metabasidia, and basidiospores were produced within 5 h. The first macroscopic symptoms on test plants were observed 4 days after inoculation. Approximately 8 days after inoculation, developing telia arose from the thallus and began to erupt through the epidermis. Developed teliospores on artificially inoculated plants were morphologically identical to those from leaves collected in the field. Control plants did not develop symptoms. This microcyclic rust occurs in several regions of the world, including several southern European countries. This rust is a potential biological agent for the control of Xanthium spp.; however, it can infect several cultivars of sunflower (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. xanthii in Hungary. References: (1) L. Morin et al. Can. J. Bot. 71:959, 1993. (2) J. A. Parmelee. Can. J. Bot. 47:1391, 1969.