This paper describes the development and validation of the Vending Evaluation for Nutrient-Density (VEND)ing audit to comprehensively evaluate vended products based upon healthfulness, price and promotion, and machine accessibility. A novel vending nutrient-density score was created to determine the healthfulness of vended snack/beverage products. Field tested in United States colleges, VENDing audit (∑nutrient-density + 10 × % healthy products) and Support sub-scores (price + promotion + accessibility) were calculated for snack/beverage machines. Higher scores indicate more healthful vending options and supports for choosing healthfully. Nutrition Environment Measures Survey-Vending (NEMS-V) was used to validate the nutrient-density score for a sub-sample of machines. Sensitivity and specificity were computed by comparing the number of healthy snacks/beverages determined by NEMS-V and the VENDing nutrient-density scores. Researchers conducted the VENDing audit on 228 snack/beverage vending machines at 9 universities within the United States and used both VENDing and NEMS-V on 33 snack and 52 beverage vending machines. Mean VENDing audit scores were 4.5 ± 2.0 (2.6, 3.4) and 2.6 ± 2.0 (0, 12) for snack/beverage machines, respectively. The number of products considered healthy assessed with both the VENDing nutrient-density scores and the NEMS-V were positively correlated for beverages ( = 0.687, < 0.001) and snacks ( = 0.366, < 0.05). The sensitivity was excellent for beverages (0.83) and moderate for snacks (0.69); while the specificity was moderate for both beverages (0.66) and snacks (0.50). The VENDing audit uses unique, valid, and reliable nutrient-density scoring to evaluate snacks/beverages along a continuum of healthful criteria and comprehensively evaluates the full vending environment.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030514 | DOI Listing |
BMC Med
October 2024
School of Population Health, Centre for Translational Health Research: Informing Policy and Practice (TRANSFORM), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
Nutrients
May 2024
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso, Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX 79927, USA.
The availability, promotion, and price of healthy foods within the university food environment may impact students' dietary choices. This systematic review summarizes the tools and methods used to assess the healthfulness of university food environments where many students spend a significant portion of their emerging adulthood. Thirty-six global studies published between 2012 and 2022 were sourced from PubMed (NNLM), Cochrane Library (Wiley), Web of Science (Clarivate), APA PsycInfo (EBSCO), CINHAL Complete (EBSCO), ProQuest Nursing, and Allied Health, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAust N Z J Public Health
October 2023
Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia. Electronic address:
Objective: Reducing tobacco licences is one potential lever to reduce tobacco-related harms. A 15-fold increase in annual tobacco retailer licence fees in 2007 led to a 24% decline in the number of licences in 2009. This study investigates the changes in tobacco licences over a subsequent decade in the absence of real fee increases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTob Control
January 2025
Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Foods
May 2023
Department of Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400591 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
The use of automatic raw milk dispensers for products obtained from Romanian farms can represent an effective method of encouraging the development of short supply chains and promoting sustainable production and consumption systems. There are very few studies in the literature, especially in emerging economies, that analyze consumer perception regarding the use of raw milk dispensers; most of the research is focused on technical aspects regarding how such machines function and food safety, and less on consumers' perceptions towards them or consumer satisfaction, loyalty, or intention to use them. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the willingness of Romanian consumers to buy raw milk from vending machines.
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