Sleep disorders and executive function in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease.

Objective: The impact of sleep-related disorders in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease on executive function performance has been scarcely studied. The aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence of sleep-related disorders in chronic kidney disease pediatric patients, and to examine possible correlations with measures of executive function.

Methods: We performed a case-control study including 51 children with chronic kidney disease stages 2-5, aged 5-18 years, and 51 healthy controls. The parents of both patients and controls completed the Pediatric Seep Questionnaire (PSQ), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire.

Results: Children with chronic kidney disease presented lower executive performance with higher scores in scales of executive function, and an increased risk of presenting a sleep-related disorder (odds ratio (OR) = 7.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.36-24.31, p < 0.005) compared to controls. In the patient group, age of chronic kidney disease onset correlated with Behavior Regulation Index T-score (r = 0.32, p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, differences between patients and controls for Metacognition Index T-scores did not persist after adjustment for sleep-related breathing disorder and insomnia scores, while differences in Behavior Regulation Index T-scores remained significant (54.15 vs 49.14, p < 0.02). Moreover, mediational analyses showed that sleep-related disorders mediated the effect of chronic kidney disease on metacognition, but not on behavioral regulation.

Conclusion: Sleep-related disorders may in part explain the lower executive function performance during everyday life in chronic kidney disease pediatric patients. However, additional disease-related factors may influence executive function, especially in the domains of behavior regulation.