Nanometric Considerations in Biofilm Formation.

Prosthetic contamination and biofilm formation continue to plague implanted materials. With increasing resistance to traditional antibiotic regimens, alternative approaches to preventing bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation have focused on the physiochemical properties of the prosthetics. Roughness, topography, hydrophobicity, porosity, charge, stiffness, and surface area all influence the processes of adhesion and colonization leading to biofilm formation. In this review, we discuss the physiochemical properties of solid and porous prosthetic materials that influence biofilm formation at the nanometric scale.