Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm-Conditioned Medium Impairs Macrophage-Mediated Antibiofilm Immune Response by Upregulating KLF2 Expression.

infections associated with the formation of biofilms on medical implants or host tissue play a critical role in the persistence of chronic infections. One critical mechanism of biofilm infection that leads to persistent infection lies in the capacity of biofilms to evade the macrophage-mediated innate immune response. It is now increasingly apparent that microorganisms exploit the negative regulatory mechanisms of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated inflammatory response to subvert host cell functions by using various virulence factors. However, the detailed molecular mechanism, along with the identity of a target molecule, underlying the evasion of the macrophage-mediated innate immune response against infection associated with biofilm formation remains to be elucidated. Here, using an culture model of murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, we demonstrate that biofilm-conditioned medium significantly attenuated the capacity for macrophage bactericidal and proinflammatory responses. Importantly, the responses were associated with attenuated activation of NF-κB and increased expression of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in RAW 264.7 cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of KLF2 in RAW 264.7 cells could restore the activation of NF-κB toward the bactericidal activity and generation of proinflammatory cytokines in the presence of biofilm-conditioned medium. Collectively, our results suggest that factors secreted from biofilms might exploit the KLF2-dependent negative regulatory mechanism to subvert macrophage-mediated innate immune defense against biofilms.