Purpose: Breast ultrasonography (US) presents an alternative to mammography in young asymptomatic individuals and a complementary examination in screening of women with dense breasts. Handheld US is the standard-of-care, yet when used in whole-breast examination, no effort has been devoted to monitoring breast coverage and missed regions, which is the purpose of this study.
Methods: We introduce a computer-aided system assisting radiologists and US technologists in covering the whole breast with minimum alteration to the standard workflow. The proposed system comprises a standard US device, proprietary electromagnetic 3D tracking technology and software that combines US visual and tracking data to estimate a probe trajectory, total time spent in different breast segments, and a map of missed regions. A case study, which involved four radiologists (two junior and two senior) performing whole-breast ultrasound in 75 asymptomatic patients, was conducted to test the importance and relevance of the system.
Results: The mean process time per breast was [Formula: see text], with no statistically significant difference between the left and the right sides, and slightly longer examination time of junior radiologists. The process time density shows that central parts of the breast have better coverage compared to the periphery. Within the central part, missed regions of minimum detectable size of [Formula: see text] occur in [Formula: see text] of examinations, and non-negligible [Formula: see text] regions occur in [Formula: see text] of cases.
Conclusion: The results of the case study indicate that missed regions are present in handheld whole-breast US, which renders the proposed system for tracking the probe position during examination a valuable tool for monitoring coverage.
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Sci Rep
January 2025
Turning Trash to Treasure Laboratory (TTTL), Research and Development Center, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq.
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January 2025
Department of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
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January 2025
High Energy Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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January 2025
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January 2025
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
This paper presents a novel approach to modeling and controlling a solar photovoltaic conversion system(SPCS) that operates under real-time weather conditions. The primary contribution is the introduction of an uncertain model, which has not been published before, simulating the SPCS's actual functioning. The proposed robust control strategy involves two stages: first, modifying the standard Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm to generate an optimal reference voltage using real-time measurements of temperature, solar irradiance, and wind speed.
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