Plants perceive a variety of molecules produced by microbes, insects, and nematodes. These pathogen-derived components include so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns, or MAMPs, as well as effector proteins that are secreted to the exterior or interior of plant cells and these molecules can be recognized by receptor protein complexes on the exterior or interior of plant cells, thereby activating MAMP- or effector-triggered immunity (MTI or ETI, respectively). Because these processes are key components of plant disease resistance, they have been studied intensively. We are now in a golden age of ETI and MTI research, in which mechanistic and evolutionary understanding of both processes is emerging rapidly. Accordingly, in this Focus issue , we explore diverse aspects of MTI and ETI, with a unifying theme of integration at multiple levels.
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Symphony of survival: Insights into cross-talk mechanisms in plants, bacteria, and fungi for strengthening plant immune responses.
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CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India. Electronic address:
Plants coexist with a diverse array of microorganisms, predominantly bacteria and fungi, in both natural and agricultural environments. While some microorganisms positively influence plant development and yield, others can cause harm to the host, leading to significant adverse impacts on the environment and the economy. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), including plant growth-promoting bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), and rhizobia, have been found to increase plant biomass production by synthesizing hormones, fixing nitrogen, and solubilizing phosphate and potassium.
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Int J Mol Sci
February 2023
Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
Plant roots are constantly exposed to a diverse microbiota of pathogens and mutualistic partners. The host's immune system is an essential component for its survival, enabling it to monitor nearby microbes for potential threats and respond with a defence response when required. Current research suggests that the plant immune system has also been employed in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis as a means of monitoring different rhizobia strains and that successful rhizobia have evolved to overcome this system to infect the roots and initiate nodulation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFocus on Activation, Regulation, and Evolution of MTI and ETI.
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Plants perceive a variety of molecules produced by microbes, insects, and nematodes. These pathogen-derived components include so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns, or MAMPs, as well as effector proteins that are secreted to the exterior or interior of plant cells and these molecules can be recognized by receptor protein complexes on the exterior or interior of plant cells, thereby activating MAMP- or effector-triggered immunity (MTI or ETI, respectively). Because these processes are key components of plant disease resistance, they have been studied intensively.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlant Immunity: The MTI-ETI Model and Beyond.
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Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
In plant-microbe interactions, a pathogenic microbe initially has to overcome preformed and subsequently induced plant defenses. One of the initial host-induced defense responses is microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI). Successful pathogens attenuate MTI by delivering various effectors that result in effector-triggered susceptibility and disease.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIndispensable Role of Proteases in Plant Innate Immunity.
Int J Mol Sci
February 2018
Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
Plant defense is achieved mainly through the induction of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), systemic acquired resistance (SAR), induced systemic resistance (ISR), and RNA silencing. Plant immunity is a highly complex phenomenon with its own unique features that have emerged as a result of the arms race between plants and pathogens. However, the regulation of these processes is the same for all living organisms, including plants, and is controlled by proteases.
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