AI Article Synopsis
- Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is linked to various behavior issues and substance use in children and adolescents, but there's uncertainty about its effects into adulthood.
- In a study involving 225 young adults at age 21, significant connections were found between PCE and early marijuana use, emotion regulation issues, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder, with some effects mediated by earlier adolescent experiences.
- The findings indicate that PCE has lasting impacts on young adult behaviors, suggesting a need for targeted interventions focusing on individuals exposed to cocaine during pregnancy.
Article Abstract
Background: Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been linked to child/adolescent behavior problems and substance use in several longitudinal cohort studies. It is unclear whether these effects extend into adulthood and influence young adult behavior problems and substance use and, if so, whether they are mediated by childhood and adolescent experiences.
Methods: These data are from an ongoing longitudinal study of individuals born to women who were recruited early in pregnancy. Trimester-specific data on prenatal drug exposure were obtained. Caregivers and offspring were assessed at delivery and at 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, and 21 years postpartum. This report is from age 21, when 225 offspring (52% females; 54% African American, 46% Caucasian) reported on behavior problems, emotion regulation, and substance use.
Results: There were significant direct associations between PCE and early initiation of marijuana, 21-year emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder. The relation between PCE and young adult internalizing behavior was mediated by adolescent mood symptoms. The association between PCE and 21-year marijuana use was mediated by early initiation of marijuana use.
Conclusions: PCE has both direct and indirect long-term associations with young adult development. Using statistical models that considered the complex interrelationships among PCE and adult outcomes, we demonstrated that the direct effects of PCE on young adult emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder are not completely explained by earlier adolescent behavior. Moreover, the analyses suggesting mediated pathways from PCE to young adult problems identify crucial variables to target interventions for exposed children and adolescents.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6430204 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.033 | DOI Listing |
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