Transcript-Level Analysis of Detoxification Gene Mutation-Mediated Chlorpyrifos Resistance in Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).

Enhanced detoxification and target mutations that weaken insecticide binding ability are major mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Among these, over-expression or site mutations of carboxylesterase (CarE), cytochrome P450s (CYP450), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were the main form responsible for insecticide detoxification; however, transcript-level analysis of the relationship of detoxification gene mutations with chlorpyrifos (an organophosphorus insecticide) resistance is scarce thus far. In this study, multiple sites exhibiting polymorphisms within three detoxification genes were firstly examined via sequencing among different chlorpyrifos-resistant and susceptible individuals of Laodelphax striatellus. For example, the mutation frequencies of A374V in LsCarE16 were 83, 33, and 3%, S277A in LsCarE24 were 88, 28, and 3%, E36K in LsCYP426A1 were 100, 65, and 0% for chlorpyrifos-resistant, resistant decay, and susceptible individuals, respectively. Analysis also found expression levels of GSTd1, GSTt1, GSTs2, CYP4DE1U1, and CYP425B1 are coordinated with chlorpyrifos resistance levels; moreover, we found the deficiencies of 43S and 44A as well as two point mutations of E60D and Q61H at N-terminal region of the OP potential target acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in high resistant but not in low-chlorpyrifos resistant individuals. The results above all demonstrated the dynamic evolutionary process of insecticide resistance and revealed some resistance factors that only played roles at certain resistance level; high insecticide resistance in this example is the result of synergistic impact from multiple resistance factors.