This paper describes details of the evaluation experiments for questions created by an automatic question generation system. Given a target word and one of its word senses, the system generates a multiple-choice English vocabulary question asking for the closest in meaning to the target word in the reading passage. Two kinds of evaluation were conducted considering two aspects: (1) measuring English learners' proficiency and (2) their similarity to the human-made questions. The first evaluation is based on the responses from English learners obtained through administering the machine-generated and human-made questions to them, and the second is based on the subjective judgement by English teachers. Both evaluations showed that the machine-generated questions were able to achieve a comparable level with the human-made questions in both measuring English proficiency and similarity.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0051-y | DOI Listing |
bioRxiv
October 2024
Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
The nature of standing genetic variation remains a central debate in population genetics, with differing perspectives on whether common variants are mostly neutral or have functional effects. We address this question by directly mapping the fitness effects of over 9,000 natural variants in the Ras/PKA and TOR/Sch9 pathways-key regulators of cell proliferation in eukaryotes-across four conditions in . While many variants are neutral in our assay, on the order of 3,500 exhibited significant fitness effects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVaccine X
October 2024
Institute for Planetary Health Behavior, Health Communication, University of Erfurt, Nordhäuser Straße 63, 99089 Erfurt, Germany.
Vaccine hesitancy has been identified as one of the top ten threats to global health by the World Health Organization (WHO). The belief in conspiracy narratives is repeatedly discussed as a major driver of vaccine hesitancy among the general population. However, there is a lack of research investigating the role of the belief in conspiracy narratives in vaccination decisions and recommendation behaviours of physicians.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
September 2024
Research Team "Histologistas", Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program "Health and Environmental Factors", Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Introduction: According to the Institute of Environmental Sciences, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are "natural or human-made chemicals that may mimic, block, or interfere with the body's hormones, associated with a wide array of health issues", mainly in the endocrine system. Recent studies have discussed the potential contribution of EDCs as risk factors leading to diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM), through various cellular and molecular pathways.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the EDCs and the development of T1DM.
Lancet Planet Health
April 2024
The Planetary Health Equity Hothouse, School of Regulation and Global Governance, Australian National University, College of Asia and the Pacific, Acton, ACT, Australia.
Background: Planetary health equity (PHE) is defined here as equitable good health in a stable Earth system. PHE is arguably in crisis. Human-made climate change is damaging global populations through hotter temperatures, wildfires, and more severe and frequent storms, flooding, and landslides.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Eng Ethics
April 2024
Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Research Integrity (RI) is high on the agenda of both institutions and science policy. The European Union as well as national ministries of science have launched ambitious initiatives to combat misconduct and breaches of research integrity. Often, such initiatives entail attempts to regulate scientific behavior through guidelines that institutions and academic communities can use to more easily identify and deal with cases of misconduct.
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