Formation of nanoscale Te and its effect on TeO reduction in CH-based membrane biofilm reactor.

Formation and recovery of elemental tellurium (Te) from wastewaters are required by increasing demands and scarce resources. Membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) using gaseous electron donor has been reported as a low-cost and benign technique to reduce and recover metal (loids). In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of nanoscale Te formation by tellurite (TeO) reduction in a CH-based MBfR. Biogenic Te intensively attached on cell surface, within diameters ranging from 10 nm to 30 nm and the hexagonal nanostructure. Along with the Te formation, the TeO reduction was inhibited. After flushing, biofilm resumed the TeO reduction ability, suggesting that the formed nanoscale Te might inhibit the reduction by hindering substrate transfer of TeO to microbes. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that Thermomonas and Hyphomicrobium were possibly responsible for TeO reduction since they increased consecutively along with the experiment operation. The PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) analysis showed that the sulfite reductases were positively correlated with the TeO flux, indicating they were potential enzymes involved in reduction process. This study confirms the capability of CH-based MBfR in tellurium reduction and formation, and provides more techniques for resources recovery and recycles.