Uranium distribution in groundwater and assessment of age dependent radiation dose in Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Pathankot districts of Punjab, India.

A comprehensive study of seasonal variation of uranium distribution in groundwater of Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Pathankot districts of Punjab, India and assessment of associated radiological risks, chemical risks and effective radiation dose for different age groups, was conducted to determine its health impact on humans residing in these regions. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, total hardness and contents of various anions such as carbonates/bicarbonates, chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, sulphates and phosphates in groundwater were also analysed to determine correlation between groundwater chemistry and uranium distribution. The average values of uranium concentration in ground water samples of Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Pathankot districts were found to be 8.6 μg L, 4.3 μg L and 3.0 μg L, respectively, in pre-monsoon and 8.8 μg L, 4.9 μg L and 3.4 μg L, respectively, in post-monsoon. The uranium concentration in majority of the ground water samples was found to be below the permissible limit of 30 μg L recommended by World Health Organization (WHO, 2011). In all three districts, TDS, EC and bicarbonates were found to have positive correlation with observed uranium contents in both seasons. The annual effective dose due to ingestion of uranium through drinking water was found to be less than the prescribed limit of 100 μSv y given by WHO (2004). Radiological and chemical toxicity risk assessment of uranium in groundwater was also carried out and found to be within the permissible values of 1.67 × 10 and 4.53 μg kg day respectively, recommended by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB, 2004).