The Opioid Crisis and Surgeons: National Survey of Prescribing Patterns and the Influence of Motivators, Experience, and Gender.

Background: Surgeons are the fifth largest prescribers of opioids in the US. Few studies exist to describe surgeon prescribing practices.

Methods: A survey was conducted of surgical providers at all ACGME-accredited surgical residency programs. Statistical comparisons between groups were made.

Results: A total of 114 providers from 21 states responded; 58% male, 57% residents. Only 8% reported being told they were over-prescribing opioids. Oxycodone ± acetaminophen was most commonly prescribed (49%). Median opioids prescribed exceeded guidelines for acute pain management for every procedure except laparoscopic appendectomy/cholecystectomy, lumpectomy and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Attending surgeons more often gave no opioids after laparoscopic appendectomy/cholecystectomy (9% vs 0%; p=0.012), more likely reported patient attempts to return opioids to them (33% vs 16%; p=0.04), and less likely considered patients giving their opioids to someone else (39% vs. 74%; p<0.001). PGY 1-2 residents prescribe fewer opioids than advanced residents for simple mastectomy (p=0.04), exploratory laparotomy (p=0.05), and thoracotomy (p=0.03).

Conclusions: Surgeons vary significantly in their opioid prescriptions, even for the same operation. There are few differences by gender but some important differences by experience.