Objective: Hypoglycemia is a frequent and potentially dangerous event among patients with diabetes mellitus type 1. Subcutaneous glucagon is an emergency treatment to counteract severe hypoglycemia. The effect of intraperitoneal glucagon delivery is sparsely studied. We performed a direct comparison of the blood glucose response following intraperitoneally, subcutaneously and intravenously administered glucagon.
Research Design And Methods: This is a prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label, crossover trial in 20 octreotide-treated rats. Three interventions, 1 week apart, in a randomized order, were done in each rat. All 20 rats were given intraperitoneal and subcutaneous glucagon injections, from which 5 rats were given intravenous glucagon injections and 15 rats received placebo (intraperitoneal isotonic saline) injection. The dose of glucagon was 5 µg/kg body weight for all routes of administration. Blood glucose levels were measured before and until 60 min after the glucagon/placebo injections.
Results: Compared with placebo-treated rats, a significant increase in blood glucose was observed 4 min after intraperitoneal glucagon administration (p=0.009), whereas after subcutaneous and intravenous glucagon administration significant increases were seen after 8 min (p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively). In intraperitoneally treated compared with subcutaneously treated rats, the increase in blood glucose was higher after 4 min (p=0.019) and lower after 40 min (p=0.005) and 50 min (p=0.011). The maximum glucose response occurred earlier after intraperitoneal compared with subcutaneous glucagon injection (25 min vs 35 min; p=0.003).
Conclusions: Glucagon administered intraperitoneally gives a faster glucose response compared with subcutaneously administered glucagon in rats. If repeatable in humans, the more rapid glucose response may be of importance in a dual-hormone artificial pancreas using the intraperitoneal route for administration of insulin and glucagon.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000560 | DOI Listing |
Gut Microbes
December 2025
School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Recently, the incidence of diabetes has increased exponentially, and it is estimated to become the seventh leading cause of global mortality by 2030. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone derived from the intestine, has been demonstrated to exert remarkable hypoglycemic effects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBehav Pharmacol
February 2025
Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a crisis in the USA. Despite advances with medications for OUD, overdose deaths have continued to rise and are largely driven by fentanyl. We have previously found that male rats readily self-administer fentanyl, with evident individual differences in fentanyl taking, seeking, and reinstatement behaviors.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAm J Case Rep
December 2024
Department of Internal Medicine, Ahmadi Hospital, Ahmadi, Kuwait.
BACKGROUND Tirzepatide is a long-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist administered via subcutaneous injection for weight reduction and treating type 2 diabetes. CASE REPORT We report case series of hypoglycemic ketoacidosis after the use of tirzepatide to treat nondiabetic patients with obesity from Kuwait. The first case was a 29-year-old woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 32 kg/m² who developed abdominal pain and vomiting after increasing the dose to 5 mg subcutaneously in week 5 of treatment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMed Sci (Paris)
November 2024
Service de diabétologie, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
The concept of treating diabetes with gut hormones was proposed in the early days of endocrinology (1902), but was not put into practice until the early 2000s. The discovery of the incretin effect (potentiation of insulin secretion when glucose is taken orally compared to intravenously) led to the discovery of the two main gut hormones responsible for this effect: GIP and GLP-1. The reduction of the incretin effect is directly involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, which has led to the development of a series of innovative therapies such as GLP-1 analogues, GLP-1 receptor agonists, GIP/GLP-1 co-agonists and GIP/GLP-1/glucagon tri-agonists.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObesity (Silver Spring)
January 2025
Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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