Molecular self-replication is a fundamental function of all living organisms with the capability of templating and catalyzing its own synthesis, and it plays important roles in prebiotic chemical evolution and effective synthetic machineries. However, the construction of the self-replication system in vitro remains a great challenge and its application for biosensing is rare. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the construction of an in vitro enzymatic nucleic acid self-replication system and its application for amplified sensing of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) based on autocatalytic self-replication-driven cascaded recycling amplification. In this strategy, hOGG1 excises 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) to unfold the hairpin substrate, activating the autonomous biocatalytic process with molecular beacons (MBs) as both the fuels for producing nucleic acid templates and the generators for signal output, leading to the continuous replication of biocatalytic nucleic acid templates and the repeated cleavage of MBs for an enhanced fluorescence signal. This strategy exhibits an extremely low detection limit of 4.3 × 10 U/μL and a large dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude from 1 × 10 to 0.05 U/μL. Importantly, it can be applied for the detection of enzyme kinetic parameters, the screening of hOGG1 inhibitors, and the quantification of hOGG1 activity in even 1 single lung cancer cell, providing a new approach for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.
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