Extended Retrosigmoid Approach for the Resection of a Pontomedullary Junction Cavernous Malformation.

 To describe an extended retrosigmoid approach for the resection of a cavernoma involving the ponto-medullary junction, with emphasis on the microsurgical anatomy and technique.  A retrosigmoid craniotomy is performed in the lateral decubitus position and the sigmoid sinus exposed. After opening the dura, sutures are placed medial to the sinus to allow its gentle mobilization. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is drained from the cisterna magna, and cerebellopontine cistern, and dynamic retraction is used over the cerebellum. Subarachnoid dissection of the cerebellopontine angle gives access to cranial nerves IX/X, VII/VIII, and VI. Inspection of the pontomedullary junction medial to the facial nerve reveals hemosiderin staining in that region. A small pial opening is made, exposing the hemorrhagic cavity. The cavernous malformation is then identified, dissected circumferentially, and resected. Photographs of the region are borrowed from Dr Rhoton's laboratory to illustrate the microsurgical anatomy.  The senior author performed the surgery. The video was edited by Drs. J.B. and V.N.  Outcome was assessed with extent of resection and postoperative neurological function.  A gross total resection of the lesion was achieved. The patient did not develop any postoperative deficits.  Understanding the microsurgical anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle and meticulous microneurosurgical technique are necessary to achieve a complete resection of a brainstem cavernoma. The extended retrosigmoid approach provides an adequate corridor to the pontomedullary junction. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/FIKixWJT75w .