Comparison of atherosclerotic inflammation and calcification in subjects with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis to normal controls utilizing F-FDG PET/CT.

Objective: Subjects with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are exposed to increased morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular events. The primary underlying mechanism has been suggested as accelerated atherosclerosis in these patients. Our aim was to compare the atherosclerotic inflammation and calcification in subjects with ESRD on hemodialysis to that in normal controls utilizing fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT).

Subjects And Methods: Forthy two subjects who underwent F-FDG PET/CT imaging were retrospectively studied. Twenty one were subjects with ESRD on hemodialysis (67±11 years old; 14 male, 7 female) and 21 were age- and gender-matched controls. Average standardized uptake value maximum (SUVmax) and SUVmean for 4 segments of the aorta (ascending, arch, descending, abdominal) and for the common iliac arteries and common femoral arteries were measured. Standardized uptake value maximum and SUVmean for right atrial blood pool were also measured as the background. Average SUVmax, average SUVmean, average SUVmax/background ratio, and average SUVmean/background ratio were compared between subject groups for all segments. Presence or absence of macroscopic calcification on CT images for each arterial segment based on visual qualitative assessment was also noted and compared. For statistical analysis, two-sided t-test was used for continuous variables, and chi-square test was used for categorical variables. We considered a P value of <0.05 as statistically significant.

Results: Average SUVmax and SUVmean were statistically significantly greater in subjects with ESRD than in controls in all arterial segments. Average SUVmax/background ratios were statistically significantly greater in subjects with ESRD compared to normal controls in all arterial segments except for the left femoral artery. Average SUVmean/background ratios were statistically significantly greater in subjects with ESRD compared to normal controls in all arterial segments except for the right and left femoral arteries. Presence of calcification on CT was more frequently encountered in all arterial segments in subjects with ESRD, and was statistically significantly greater for the aortic arch, descending aorta, and right and left femoral arteries.

Conclusion: SUV measurements representing the atherosclerotic inflammatory changes and macroscopic atherosclerotic calcifications appear to be accelerated in subjects with ESRD on hemodialysis compared to normal controls. Fluorine-18 FDG PET/CT is a valuable diagnostic tool for verifying and quantifying accelerated atherosclerosis secondary to ESRD.