This paper presents a unified approach based on the recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) and approximate entropy (ApEn) for the classification of heart rate variability (HRV). In this paper, the optimum tolerance threshold (r) corresponding to ApEn has been used for RQA calculation. The experimental data length (N) of RR interval series (RR) is optimized by taking r as key parameter. r is found to be lying within the recommended range of 0.1 to 0.25 times the standard deviation of the RR, when N ≥ 300. Consequently, RQA is applied to the age stratified RR and indices such as percentage recurrence (%REC), percentage laminarity (%LAM), and percentage determinism (%DET) are calculated along with ApEn, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and an index namely the radius differential (R). Certain standard HRV statistical indices such as mean RR, standard deviation of RR (or NN) interval (SDNN), and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (RMSSD) (Eur Hear J 17:354-381, 1996) are also found for comparison. It is observed that (i) R can discriminate between the elderly and young subjects with a value of 0.1151 ± 0.0236 (mean ± SD) and 0.0533 ± 0.0133 (mean ± SD) respectively for the elderly and young subjects and is found to be statistically significant with p < 0.05. (ii) Similar significant discrimination was obtained using [Formula: see text] with a value of 0.1827 ± 0.0382 (mean ± SD) and 0.2248 ± 0.0320 (mean ± SD) (iii) other significant indices were found to be %REC, %DET, %LAM, SDNN, and RMSSD; however, ApEn was found to be insignificant with p > 0.05. The above features of RR time series were tested for classification using support vector machine (SVM) and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN). Higher classification accuracy was achieved using SVM with a maximum value of 99.71%. Graphical abstract.
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January 2025
Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.
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January 2025
School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China.
Cell-cell interactions and communication represent the fundamental cornerstone of cells' collaborative efforts in executing diverse biological processes. A profound understanding of how cells interface through various mediators is pivotal across a spectrum of biological systems. Recent strides in microfluidic technologies have significantly bolstered the precision and prowess in capturing and manipulating cells with exceptional spatial and temporal resolution.
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January 2025
School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.
Efficiently generating energetically stable crystal structures has long been a challenge in material design, primarily due to the immense arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice. To facilitate the discovery of stable materials, we present a framework for the generation of synthesizable materials leveraging a point cloud representation to encode intricate structural information. At the heart of this framework lies the introduction of a diffusion model as its foundational pillar.
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January 2025
Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun Xi road, Zibo 255000, P.R. China.
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