Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, and its management focuses on monitoring and lowering a patient's glucose level to prevent further complications. By tracking the glucose-induced shift in the surface-enhanced Raman-scattering (SERS) emission of mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA), we have demonstrated fast and continuous glucose sensing in the physiologically relevant range from 0.1 to 30 mM and verified the underlying mechanism using numerical simulations. Bonding of glucose to MPBA suppresses the "breathing" mode of MPBA at 1071 cm and energizes the constrained-bending mode at 1084 cm, causing the dominant peak to shift from 1071 to 1084 cm. MPBA-glucose bonding is also reversible, allowing continuous tracking of ambient glucose concentrations, and the MPBA-coated substrates showed very stable performance over a 30 day period, making the approach promising for long-term continuous glucose monitoring. Using Raman-mode-constrained, miniaturized SERS implants, we also successfully demonstrated intraocular glucose measurements in six ex vivo rabbit eyes within ±0.5 mM of readings obtained using a commercial glucose sensor.
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