Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the Italian environment.

Objectives: Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus environmental and clinical isolates is recognised as an emerging problem worldwide. Development of azole resistance may be environmentally driven because of the massive use of azole fungicides in agriculture. The mechanism of azole resistance is mostly related to mutations in the cyp51A gene.

Methods: A. fumigatus azole resistance in the environment was previously documented in northern Italy. This study extended the research in the agricultural environment also in central and southern Italy and investigated differences in the Italian geographical areas and in the different types of crops.

Results: A total of 177 samples (173 soil samples and 4 Dutch bulbs) collected in the period 2014-20117 in 14 Italian regions were analysed. Itraconazole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates grew in 16.9% of the screened samples. Differences were observed in soil samples from the three Italian geographic areas: 12.5% in the north, 15.2% in the centre and 24.1% in the south. Resistant isolates were from different cultivations, treated or officially not treated with azole fungicides. Sequencing of the cyp51A gene confirmed that resistance was mainly associated with the TR/L98H mutation (29/30 isolates); 1 isolate showed the G54E mutation.

Conclusions: The risk for patients to acquire multi-azole-resistant strains from the environment could have a serious impact on the management of life-threatening invasive infections. The azole resistance rate of 16.9% found in Italy requires suitable monitoring of antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates.