Infection control and treatment guidelines and neonatal mortality in a rural hospital in Uganda.

: The neonatal mortality rate in Uganda has been 24-27/1000 live births for the last 14 years. : To determine the impact on neonatal mortality of the introduction of infection prevention and treatment guidelines in a resource-poor setting. : A prospective study was undertaken in Kagando Hospital, a rural hospital in Western Uganda of infants live-born in hospital and those admitted from the community or other hospitals between 2013 and 2017. Guidelines were developed from a literature review and informed by local doctors and nurses and a visiting paediatrician. The guidelines highlighted that unwell infants should be admitted to the neonatal unit which was a section of the paediatric ward, emphasised hand hygiene, the separation of infants with and without sepsis and that unwell infants should be treated with evidence-based antibiotic regimens and enteral feeds withheld from unwell infants. Mortality within 28 days of birth was audited for 3 months before and after the intervention; the audit was repeated 3 and 5 years later. : Pre-intervention, there were 137 neonatal admissions and 79 neonatal deaths in 3 months (0.58 deaths per admission). Post-intervention there were 187 admissions and the death rate was lower (0.26 deaths per admission, < 0.001). Three years after the intervention, there were 60 deaths among 233 admissions (0.26 deaths per admission, < 0.001) and, at 5 years, 53 deaths among 315 admissions (0.17 deaths per admission, < 0.001). : These data suggest that the introduction of infection, prevention and treatment guidelines can reduce neonatal mortality in a resource-poor setting.