Real-Time Monitoring of in A Saline Environment as Means of Early Water Pollution Detection.

Biological water pollution, including organic pollutants and their possible transportation, via biofouling and ballast water, has the potential to cause severe economic and health impacts on society and environment. Current water pollution monitoring methods are limited by transportation of samples to the laboratory for analysis, which could take weeks. There is an urgent need for a water quality monitoring technique that generates real-time data. The study aims to assess the feasibility of three sensing techniques to detect and monitor the concentrations of the model species in real-time using eleven samples for each method. Results showed UV-Vis spectrophotometer detected increasing concentration of with ² = 0.9627 and ² = 0.9672, at 450 nm and 650 nm wavelengths, respectively. Secondly, low-frequency capacitance measurements showed a linear relationship with increasing concentration of at 150 Hz (² = 0.8463) and 180 Hz (² = 0.8391). Finally, a planar electromagnetic wave sensor measuring the reflected power S amplitude detected increasing cell density at 4 GHz (² = 0.8019).