B cell responses in older adults with latent tuberculosis: Considerations for vaccine development.

Reactivation of latent tuberculosis (LTBI) is more common among the aging population and may contribute to increased transmission in long-term health care facilities. Difficulties in detecting LTBI due to potential blunting of the tuberculin skin test (TST), and the lowered ability of the elderly to tolerate the course of antibiotics, underscore the need for an effective vaccine. Immuno-senescence reduces the capacity of vaccines to induce sufficient levels of protective immunity against many pathogens, further increasing the susceptibility of the elderly to infectious diseases. We sought to evaluate the response of B cells to () in residents of long-term care facilities to determine the feasibility of using a vaccine to control infection and transmission from reactivated LTBI. Our results demonstrate that although B cell responses were higher in subjects with LTBI, antigens could stimulate B cell activation and differentiation in TST negative subjects. B cells from elderly subjects expressed high basal levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 and responded strongly to ligands with some activation pathways dependent on TLR2. B cells derived from blood, tonsil and spleen from younger subjects responded similarly and to the same magnitude. These results suggest that B cell responses are robust in the elderly and modifications to a TB vaccine, such as TLR2 ligand-based adjuvants, may help increase immune responses to a protective level.