Objectives: The choice of antiepileptic drug is typically based on seizure type, and there is no evidence for superior effectiveness or potential deterioration of particular antiepileptic drug in specific etiologic subgroups. The aim of the study was to identify etiological factor(s) associated with increased risk of seizure aggravation with levetiracetam (LEV).
Methods: A retrospective analysis of 139 patients treated with LEV was performed. Seizure aggravation was defined as a 100% or greater increase in seizures frequency, which occurred within 1 month of drug introduction.
Results: Five patients who fulfilled the selection criteria were identified. Seizure aggravation occurred with low doses (500-1000 mg) of LEV. In addition to increased frequency and duration, 2 patients developed new seizure types. Withdrawal of LEV resulted in seizure return to background frequency in all patients. Four of 5 patients have distinctive magnetic resonance imaging finding of focal cortical dysplasia. No patients with paradoxical effect of LEV were detected in the idiopathic epilepsy group or other types of symptomatic epilepsies.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that LEV may possibly induce seizure exacerbation in a subset of patients with focal cortical dysplasia-related epilepsy, although large studies are needed to establish the relation. Underlying causes of epilepsy could impact the treatment choice because electroclinical semiology might be the "final common pathway" of different epileptogenic mechanisms in diverse etiologies.
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