It is widely known that the switching time is determined by the thermal stability parameters and external perturbations such as magnetic field and/or spin polarized current in magnetic nano-structures. Since the thermal stability parameter and switching time are crucial values in the design of spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory, the measurement of the switching time is important in the study of the switching behavior of ferromagnetic nano-structures. In this study, we focus on the distribution of the switching time. Within the limit of a large energy barrier, a simple analytical expression between damping constant and anisotropy field with switching time distribution is obtained and confirmed by numerically solving the Fokker-Planck equation. We show that the damping constant and anisotropy field can be extracted by measuring the full width half maximum of the switching time distribution in the magnetic nano-structure devices. Furthermore, the present method can be applied to not only single nano-structure, but also inhomogeneous nano-structure arrays.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31299-4 | DOI Listing |
Chaos
January 2025
Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801103, India.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) manifests multiple infections in CD4+ T cells, by binding its envelope proteins to CD4 receptors. Understanding these biological processes is crucial for effective interventions against HIV/AIDS. Here, we propose a mathematical model that accounts for the multiple infections of CD4+ T cells and an intracellular delay in the dynamics of HIV infection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanomaterials (Basel)
January 2025
Research Laboratory Neuroelectronics and Memristive Nanomaterials (NEUROMENA Lab), Institute of Nanotechnologies, Electronics and Electronic Equipment Engineering, Southern Federal University, Taganrog 347922, Russia.
This paper presents the results of a study on the formation of nanostructures of electrochemical titanium oxide for neuromorphic applications. Three anodization synthesis techniques were considered to allow the formation of structures with different sizes and productivity: nanodot, lateral, and imprint. The mathematical model allowed us to calculate the processes of oxygen ion transfer to the reaction zone; the growth of the nanostructure due to the oxidation of the titanium film; and the formation of TiO, TiO, and TiO oxides in the volume of the growing nanostructure and the redistribution of oxygen vacancies and conduction channel.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSmall Methods
January 2025
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, TN 37830, USA.
Understanding ferroelectric domain wall dynamics at the nanoscale across a broad range of timescales requires measuring domain wall position under different applied electric fields. The success of piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) as a tool to apply local electric fields at different positions and imaging their changing position, together with the information obtained from associated switching spectroscopies has fueled numerous studies of the dynamics of ferroelectric domains to determine the impact of intrinsic parameters such as crystalline order, defects and pinning centers, as well as boundary conditions such as environment. However, the investigation of sub-coercive reversible domain wall vibrational modes requires the development of new tools that enable visualizing domain wall motion under varying applied fields with high temporal and spatial resolution while also accounting for spurious electrostatic effects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCytometry B Clin Cytom
January 2025
Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
A reduced proportion of peripheral class-switched memory B cells (CSM-B cells) is presumed to indicate ineffective germinal activity. The extent that this finding corresponds to a plausible germinal center failure pathophysiology in patients not diagnosed with CVID or hyper IgM syndrome is not known. We asked if patients with low CSM-B cells are more likely to demonstrate failure to produce serum IgA and IgG than counterparts with nonreduced class-switched memory B cell levels, regardless of diagnosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOrg Lett
January 2025
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
The C2- or C3-selective direct C-H arylation of nonsubstituted 1-pyrrole with aryl chlorides/nonaflates was achieved using catalysts derived from palladium and appropriate phosphine ligands. The site selectivity of the arylation can be switched by changing the ligands, and the C3-selective arylation of nonsubstituted 1-pyrrole was realized for the first time. BuOLi played an important role in suppressing N-arylation and accelerating C2- or C3-arylation.
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