Performance of thin-film composite hollow fiber nanofiltration for the removal of dissolved Mn, Fe and NOM from domestic groundwater supplies.

Groundwater (GW) is one of the most abundant water resources and around 1.5 billion people rely on GW as their main water supply. Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are very common GW contaminants. Even though their presence is considered mainly as an organoleptic and operational nuisance, water with elevated Mn content may also lead to adverse health impacts. Amongst the most common treatment processes currently used to treat domestic GW supplies: catalytic filtration may lead to Mn leaching if improperly maintained; while ion exchange consumes a considerable amount of salt and produces a brine waste which pollutes the environment. Thus, it is proposed to design a simple, yet robust treatment system which can be implemented in small/remote communities or even domestic applications. To this end, the main objective of this investigation was to assess the potential application of novel outside-in sulfonated polyethersulfone thin-film composite hollow fiber nanofiltration (HFNF) membranes to remove dissolved Mn, Fe and natural organic matter (NOM) from domestic GW supplies. Of particular interest was the impact of GW matrix on performance of the HFNF membranes. Our experimental findings demonstrated that, in absence of hardness and the cumulative throughput of 1.9 L/m, above 90% of Mn, Fe and NOM were retained by the examined HFNF membranes (MWCO ∼ 200 Da) regardless of their initial concentrations in the feed solution (250-1000 μ g/L). In contrast, increasing the hardness level reduced the removal of Mn and Fe ions. XPS analysis revealed that the surface properties of the HFNF membranes were altered when the membranes were exposed to calcium and magnesium salts. These observations were attributed to the propensity for Ca and Mg ions to bind to the sulfonic groups present on the surface of the HFNF membranes which, subsequently, weakens rejection by charge exclusion. On the other hand, in the absence of GW hardness, charge exclusion was mainly responsible for rejection of dissolved Mn and Fe. It was also found that GW hardness had no marked impact on the NOM rejection as the later was mostly removed by size exclusion.