Ultrasonography in Heart Failure: A Story that Matters.

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome caused by structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities, resulting in a reduced cardiac output and/or elevated intracardiac pressures at rest or during stress. It is the leading cause of hospitalization in Internal Medicine departments. This article aims at reviewing evidence of the importance of ultrasound in HF both for hospitalized patients and in the follow-up. Ultrasound may be used as a recovery monitoring instrument at the bedside and also as a global cardiovascular assessment tool for these patients. HF represents an exciting opportunity to create an integrative ultrasound approach in Internal Medicine and/or Geriatric departments. The authors plan a five-step ultrasound examination to evaluate and monitor HF patients during hospitalization and follow-up. They call this examination: the "ABCDE" score. It includes the evaluations of A, the ankle-brachial index, B, the B-lines, C, the carotid intima media thickness, D, the diameter of the abdominal aorta and of the inferior cava vein and E, the echocardiographic assessment of the ejection fraction. This score may represent an integrative ultrasound approach in Internal Medicine and/or Geriatric departments.