Identification of axolotl BH3-only proteins and expression in axolotl organs and apoptotic limb regeneration tissue.

Like other urodela amphibians, axolotls are able to regenerate lost appendages, even as adults, rendering them unique among higher vertebrates. In reaction to the severe trauma of a lost limb, apoptosis seems to be primarily implicated in the removal of injured cells and tissue homeostasis. Little, however, is known about apoptotic pathways and control mechanisms. Therefore, here we provide additional information regarding the mechanisms of tissue degradation. Expression patterns of Bcl-2 family members were analyzed using reverse transcriptase-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence. In our study, we identified ten putative axolotl orthologs of the Bcl-2 family. We demonstrated that BH3-only proteins are differentially expressed in some axolotl organs, while they are expressed broadly in tail composite tissue and limb regeneration blastema. The importance of Bcl-2 family members is also indicated by detecting the expression of proapoptotic protein Bak in spatial congruence to apoptosis in the early stages of limb regeneration, while Bcl-2 expression was slightly modified. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Bcl-2 family members are conserved in the axolotl and might be involved in the tissue degradation processes that occur during limb regeneration.